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==Abstract==

==Zusammenfassung==

The study aimed at investigating the role of concrete manipulatives materiales, in comparison to the traditional adopted methods of teaching, in enhancing the achievement levels of visually handicapped pupils in mathematics. The study focused exclusively on the unit of algebraic terms and expressions studied by the first preparatory pupils in Al-Noor Schools in 2002-2003. The problem of the study was formed in the following question:  

The study aimed at investigating the role of concrete manipulatives materiales, in comparison to the traditional adopted methods of teaching, in enhancing the achievement levels of visually handicapped pupils in mathematics. The study focused exclusively on the unit of algebraic terms and expressions studied by the first preparatory pupils in Al-Noor Schools in 2002-2003. The problem of the study was formed in the following question:  

# The effectivness of the modified concrete manipulative materials in enhancing the achievement level of the first preparatory visually handicapped students concerning the unit of algebraic terms and expressions.

# The effectivness of the modified concrete manipulative materials in enhancing the achievement level of the first preparatory visually handicapped students concerning the unit of algebraic terms and expressions.

== Key Words ==

== Studienzusammenfassung ==

===Ziel der Studie===

 

 

== Study Summary ==

===Aim of the Study===

The study aimed at investigating the role of concrete manipulative materials (modified algebra tiles) in comparison to the traditional methods of teaching in enhancing the achievement levels of visually handicapped students in mathematics. The study focused on the unit of algebraic terms and expressions studied by the visually handicapped students in middle schools in the school year 2002-2003.  

The study aimed at investigating the role of concrete manipulative materials (modified algebra tiles) in comparison to the traditional methods of teaching in enhancing the achievement levels of visually handicapped students in mathematics. The study focused on the unit of algebraic terms and expressions studied by the visually handicapped students in middle schools in the school year 2002-2003.  

===Significance of the Study===

===Bedeutung der Studie===

The significance of  the study lies in:

The significance of  the study lies in:

# Presenting a humble contribution in answering the increasing need for large number of studies in the field of mathematics for the visually handicaped. The suggested unit is considered a step towards designing and using precisely measured progams for such students.

# Presenting a humble contribution in answering the increasing need for large number of studies in the field of mathematics for the visually handicaped. The suggested unit is considered a step towards designing and using precisely measured progams for such students.

===Background of the study===

===Hintergrund der Studie===

The researcher became aware of the problem of the study through the following resources:

The researcher became aware of the problem of the study through the following resources:

*The results and recommendations of the previous studies and international projects in the field of teaching mathematics related to the subject of the study in general and teaching to the visually handicapped in particular, which have shown the importance of teaching mathematics for the visually handicapped in a manipulative method that depends on the rest of the senses.

*The results and recommendations of the previous studies and international projects in the field of teaching mathematics related to the subject of the study in general and teaching to the visually handicapped in particular, which have shown the importance of teaching mathematics for the visually handicapped in a manipulative method that depends on the rest of the senses.

===Problem of the Study and Study Questions===

===Probleme der Studie und weiterführende Fragen===

The study investigated the following basic question '''"What is the role of concrete manipulative materials (modified algebra tiles) in enhancing the achievement level of the visually handicapped students in mathematics? "'''

The study investigated the following basic question '''"What is the role of concrete manipulative materials (modified algebra tiles) in enhancing the achievement level of the visually handicapped students in mathematics? "'''

# What is the effectiveness of the concrete manipulative materials (modified algebra tiles) in enhancing the achievement level of the visually handicapped students concerning the unit of algebraic terms and expressions?

# What is the effectiveness of the concrete manipulative materials (modified algebra tiles) in enhancing the achievement level of the visually handicapped students concerning the unit of algebraic terms and expressions?

=== Hypotheses of the Study ===

=== Hypothese der Studie ===

In the light of the previous studies and international projects, the hypotheses of the study had been set as follows:

In the light of the previous studies and international projects, the hypotheses of the study had been set as follows:

    

    

=== Limitations of the Study ===

=== Grenzen der Studie ===

The study was bound by the following limitations:   

The study was bound by the following limitations:   

   

   

# Dependent Variable: This is the variable whose effect on the independent variable is to be measured before and after the experimental implementation. This variable is represented in the educational achievement in mathematics as measured by the achievement test prepared by the researcher.

# Dependent Variable: This is the variable whose effect on the independent variable is to be measured before and after the experimental implementation. This variable is represented in the educational achievement in mathematics as measured by the achievement test prepared by the researcher.

=== Instrument of the Study ===

=== Methode der Studie ===

The researcher designed an achievement test on the unit of algebraic terms and expressions.   

The researcher designed an achievement test on the unit of algebraic terms and expressions.   

# Presenting suitable suggestions and recommendations to make full use of the study results.

# Presenting suitable suggestions and recommendations to make full use of the study results.

=== The Study Results ===

=== Ergebnisse der Studie ===

   

   

The results of the study are:

The results of the study are:

#The effectiveness of the modified concrete manipulative materials (modified algebra tiles) in enhancing the achievement level of visually handicapped students concerning the unit of algebraic terms and expressions.   

#The effectiveness of the modified concrete manipulative materials (modified algebra tiles) in enhancing the achievement level of visually handicapped students concerning the unit of algebraic terms and expressions.   

=== Structure of the thesis ===

=== Struktur der Thesen ===

The Thesis was composed of 5 chapters, a list of bibliography, 12 appendices, and Arabic and English summaries  

The Thesis was composed of 5 chapters, a list of bibliography, 12 appendices, and Arabic and English summaries  

The five chapters are described as follows:

The five chapters are described as follows: